A function that indicates the maximum output per unit of time that a firm can produce, for every combination of inputs with a given technology, is called:
Select correct option:
An isoquant
A production possibility curve
A production function
An isocost function


What happens in the market for airline travel when the price of traveling by rail decreases?
Select correct option:
The demand curve shifts left.
The demand curve shifts right.
The supply curve shifts left.
The supply curve shifts right.


If a sales tax on beer leads to reduced tax revenue, this means:
Select correct option:
Elasticity of demand is < 1.
Elasticity of demand is > 1.
DeMand is upward-sloping.
Demand is perfectly inelastic.


When the price of petrol rises 10%, the quantity of petrol purchased falls by 8%. The demand for petrol is:
Select correct option:
Perfectly elastic
Unit elastic
Elastic
Inelastic


A Demand Curve is price inelastic when:
Select correct option:
Changes in demand are proportionately smaller than those in price
Changes in demand are proportionately greater than those in price
Changes in demand are equal than those in price
None of the given options.


The effect of a change in the price of a good or service on the quantities consumed when the consumer remains indifferent between the original and new combination of goods consumed is the:
Select correct option:
Substitution effect
Real income effect
Income effect
Price effect

If the cost of computer components falls, then
Select correct option:
The demand curve for computers shifts to the right.
The demand curve for computers shifts to the left.
The supply curve for computers shifts to the right
The supply curve for computers shifts to the left


The short run, as economists use the phrase, is characterised by:
Select correct option:
All inputs being variable.
At least one fixed factor of production and firms neither leaving nor entering the industry.
No variable inputs - that is, all of the factors of production are fixed.
A period where the law of diminishing returns does not hold.


When an industry's raw material costs increase, other things remaining the same:
Select correct option:
The supply curve shifts to the left.
The supply curve shifts to the right.
Output increases regardless of the market price and the supply curve shifts upward.

Output decreases and the market price also decrease.
Select correct option:
The law of diminishing returns assumes:
There are no fixed factors of production.
There are no variable factors of production.
Utility is maximised when marginal product falls.
Some factors of production are fixed.


Price floor results in:
Select correct option:
Equilibrium
Excess demand
Excess supply
All of the given options


If a decrease in price increases total revenue:
Select correct option:
Demand is elastic
Demand is inelastic
Supply is elastic
Supply is inelastic


If the income elasticity of demand is 1/2, the good is:
Select correct option:
A luxury.
A normal good (but not a luxury).
An inferior good.
A Giffen good.


Other things equal, expected income can be used as a direct measure of well-being:
Select correct option:
No matter what a person's preference to risk.
If and only if individuals are not risk-loving.
If and only if individuals are risk averse.
If and only if individuals are risk neutral.


When drawing demand and supply curves, economists are assuming that the primary influence on production and purchasing decisions is:
Select correct option:
Price
Cost of production
The overall state of the economy
Consumer incomes


It measures the percentage change in demand given a percentage change in consumer's income.
Select correct option:
Price elasticity of demand
Income elasticity of demand
Supply price elasticity
Cross price elasticity

ECO401 Fall 2009 Midterm

40 MCQs of 1 mark each.
1 Long question of 10 marks .

Question 41:

A) Differentiate between followings economic systems
a. Dictatorship
b. Planned Economy
c. Capitalism
d. Islamic System

B) Briefly explain which economic system is prevailing in Pakistan?

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2009
MGT502- Organizational Behavior (Session - 1)
Ref No:
Time: 60 min
Marks: 50

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
The opinion or belief segment of an attitude is described by which component of attitude?
► Cognitive
► Affective
► Behavioral
► Behavior intension

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Values like working hard, being creative and honest are the means which lead towards achieving organizational goals. Which of the following term best described these values?
► Terminal values
► Instrumental values
► Theoretical values
► Social values

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following country is a representative of collectivism as a nation i.e. group harmony, cohesiveness, consensus and corporation?
► Canada
► Japan
► United States
► Cape Town

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Guatemala is a country where inequalities exist showing gap between rich and poor. Which of the following value is truly representing the state of Guatemala?
► Power distance
► Individualism
► Collectivism
► Uncertainty avoidance

100%sure Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
The Big Five model is related to ________________
► Perception
► Personality
► Experience
► Culture

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to be pleasant and accommodating in social situations?
► Extroversion
► Openness to experience
► Emotional stability
► Agreeableness

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is NOT one of the traits according to the Big Five Model?
► Conscientiousness
► Extroversion
► Agreeableness
► Self actualization

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Emotional Responses that the organization requires workers to show and considers appropriate in a given job are called:
► Felt Emotions
► Displayed Emotions
► Moods
► Emotional Intelligence

100%sure Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is NOT one of the six universal emotions, as agreed upon by most contemporary researchers?
► Anger
► Fear
► Hate
► Sadness

100%sure Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one(chap 12)
Sana is a group leader at interior designing firm. She is concerned with the achievement of her peers and subordinates, she appreciate their suggestions and motivates them to come up with something new and unique. Which of the following is Sana’s style?
► Conceptual
► Behavioral
► Directive
► Analytical

100%sure Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one (chap 11)
“Just because he was late in his first class, his teacher thinks he is irresponsible student". Which error teacher has commited in this case?
► Selective perception
► Stereotyping
► Hallo effect
► Social perception

100%sure Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one(chap 11)
It is not possible for Mr. Asim to understand everything he sees, he notices a few of the things, we can say that he engages in:
► Assimilating
► Selective perception
► Halo Effect
► Target Perception

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
According to attribution theory, which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior?
► An employee is late because of a flat tire.
► An employee was promoted because of his abilities
► An employee was fired because he slept on the job.
► An employee was promoted because he was hard working.

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
According to attribution theory, if someone shows different behaviors in different situations then this can be termed

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Q1: Recall your knowledge of ‘Sentence construction error’ and join these sentences with “and" or 'but". 10
1. My aunty has a son. My aunty has two daughters
2. The naughty took a stone. He threw it at a bird.
3. The fisherman is poor. The fisherman is honest.
4. We hailed a taxi. The driver did not see us.
5. Eagles are birds. Hawks are birds.
6. He ran very fast in the race. He slipped and fell.
7. I went to the grocery store. The grocery store was closed.
8. He opened his wallet. He took out some money.
9. He went to the plum tree. He plucked a few plums.
10. The street musician played his music loud. Nobody listened to him.


Q2: Identify if the sentence is ‘run-on’ or ‘complete sentence’. 5

1.) My academic advisor told me not to take 18 credit hours for the fall semester I'm regretting not having listened to her.

2.) My cat was upset all day he didn't get canned food for breakfast.

3.) Organizations that promise students a scholarship if they pay an extraordinarily high application fee are most likely scams.

4.) Because Rose was late for the all-you-can-eat buffet, she had to order from the main menu.

5.) The student fell asleep in class everyone thought this was rude behavior.

Question # 1 of 25
Which one of the following stage of the product life cycle generates most sales revenue for the firm?

Introduction
Growth
Maturity
Decline

Question # 2 of 25
Distribution of product to get it in the market refers to which of the following activities?

Selling activities
Advertising activities
Promotion activities
Place or distribution activities

Question # 3 of 25
Study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, -----, race, occupation and other statistics refers to which of the following studies?

Segmentation
Demography
Psychographic
Geographic

Question # 4 of 25
Publics--carry news, features, and editorial opinions refers to which of the following publics?

Financial publics
Media publics
Government publics
Citizen-action publics

Question # 5 of 25
All of the following are the customer markets EXCEPT which of the following?

Reseller markets
Government markets
International markets
Business markets

Question # 6 of 25
The decline stage is marked by chronically decreasing profits.

True
False

Question # 7 of 25
Following activities are the part of marketing process EXCEPT which of the following?

Analyzing marketing opportunities
Selecting target markets
Developing the business portfolio
Managing the marketing effort

Question # 8 of 25
Gillette was the first marketer of disposable razors to offer a product specifically designed for men. This is an example of segmentation using which of the following variables?

Demographic
Psychographic
Geographic
Product use

Question # 9 of 25
Which one of the following model can be used to analyze the environment both for new and existing business?

Chain model
The BCG model
Five forces model
Value chain model

Question # 10 of 25
What does this statement shows “Trade of value between at least two parties”?

Competition
Transaction
Exchange
Need

Question # 11 of 25
Studies of the origin of man, religion, and thought-provoking ad campaigns are on the rise. This study reflects which of the following views?

People’s views of the universe
People’s views of nature
People’s views of society
People’s views of organization

Question # 12 of 25
The Students Union is buying office equipment. For a supplier, the Students Union is an example of which one of the following markets?

A producer market
A reseller market
An institutional market
A government market

Question # 13 of 25
Which one of the following concept is the latest in a marketing philosophy?

Societal marketing concept
Selling concept
Marketing concept
Production concept

Question # 14 of 25
For a day care center, disposable diapers, juice boxes, cleaning supplies and electricity are examples of which one of the following costs?

Fixed costs
Variable costs
Derived costs
Total costs

Question # 15 of 25
A review of the sales, costs and profit projections for a new product to find out whether they satisfy the company’s objectives refers to which one of the following concepts?

Business feasibility
Feasibility study
Business analysis
Product acceptance

Question # 16 of 25
Building, keeping and growing profitable value-laden relationships with all customers of a company refers to which one of the following concept?

Customer lifetime value
Customer perceived value
Customer relationship management
Societal marketing

Question # 17 of 25
Ratio of new entrants in the industry refers to which one of the following option?

Threat of new entrants
Bargaining power of buyers
Bargaining power of suppliers
Rivalry among competing firms

Question # 18 of 25
What is our business? Who’s our customer? What do our customers value? What should our business be? All these simple-sounding questions define which of the following concepts?

Objectives and goals
Mission statement
Business portfolio
Operational strategies

Question # 19 of 25
Drawing conclusion from research after analysis of collected data called:

Gathering
Collection
Interpretation
Survey

Question # 20 of 25
Which of the following is the last step in marketing research process?

Developing the research plan
Interpreting and reporting the findings
Defining the problem and research objectives
Implementing the research plan

Question # 21 of 25
Desirable qualities for a brand name include all of the following EXCEPT:

It should suggest something about the product’s benefits and qualities.
It should be easy to pronounce, recognize, and remember.
The brand should almost always be a long word to get attention.
The name should translate easily into foreign languages.

Question # 22 of 25
Large tools and machines used in a production process for a considerable length of time are classified as which one of the following?

Office equipment
Accessory equipment
Raw material
Consumable supply

Dear Friends

Please find the below details of CS101 Assignment

Cyber Crime

Issues surrounding computer crime have become high profile, particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement through wares, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise.
Computer crime encompasses a broad range of potentially illegal activities. Generally, however, it may be divided into one of two types of categories:
(1) Crimes that target computer networks or devices directly
(2) Crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the computer network or device.


Examples of crimes that merely use computer networks or devices would include,

- Cyber stalking
- Fraud and identity theft
- Phishing scams
- Information warfare
A common example is when a person starts to steal information from sites, or cause damage to, a computer or computer network. This can be entirely virtual in that the information only exists in digital form, and the damage, while real, has no physical consequence other than the machine ceases to function. In some legal systems, intangible property cannot be stolen and the damage must be visible, e.g. as resulting from a blow from a hammer. Where human-centric terminology is used for crimes relying on natural language skills and innate gullibility, definitions have to be modified to ensure that fraudulent behavior remains criminal no matter how it is committed.
A computer can be a source of evidence. Even though the computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it is an excellent device for record keeping, particularly given the power to encrypt the data. If this evidence can be obtained and decrypted, it can be of great value to criminal investigators.

Point of discussion
- Spam
- Fraud
- Obscene or offensive content
- Harassment
- Drug trafficking
- Cyber terrorism
- Documented cases
- Typology

Spam
Spam, or the unsolicited sending of bulk email for commercial purposes, is unlawful to varying degrees. As applied to email, specific anti-spam laws are relatively new, however limits on unsolicited electronic communications have existed in some forms for some time.

Fraud
Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss. In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by: altering computer input in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is not an uncommon form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes; altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized transactions: this is difficult to detect; altering or deleting stored data; or altering or misusing existing system tools or software packages, or altering or writing code for fraudulent purposes. This requires real programming skills and is not common. Other forms of fraud may be facilitated using computer systems, including bank fraud, identity theft, extortion, and theft of classified information(Csonka, 2000)
A variety of Internet scams target consumers direct.

Obscene or offensive content
The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful, obscene or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances these communications may be illegal. Many jurisdictions place limits on certain speech and ban racist, blasphemous, politically subversive, libelous or slanderous, seditious, or inflammatory material that tends to incite hate crimes. The extent to which these communications are unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations. The courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with entrenched beliefs in a sensitive area. One area of Internet pornography that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is child pornography.

Harassment
Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way, harassment directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing for example on gender, race, religion, nationality, ----- orientation. This often occurs in chat rooms, through newsgroups, and by sending hate e-mail to interested parties (see cyber bullying, cyber stalking, and harassment by computer, hate crime, online predator, and stalking). Any comment that may be found derogatory or offensive is considered harassment.

Drug trafficking
Drug traffickers are increasingly taking advantage of the Internet to sell their illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other Internet Technology. Some drug traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes, use courier Web sites to track illegal packages of pills, and swap recipes for amphetamines in restricted-access chat rooms.
The rise in Internet drug trades could also be attributed to the lack of face-to-face communication. These virtual exchanges allow more intimidated individuals to more comfortably purchase illegal drugs. The sketchy effects that are often associated with drug trades are severely minimized and the filtering process that comes with physical interaction fades away. Furthermore, traditional drug recipes were carefully kept secrets. But with modern computer technology, this information is now being made available to anyone with computer access.

Cyber terrorism
Government officials and Information Technology security specialists have documented a significant increase in Internet problems and server scans since early 2001. But there is a growing concern among federal officials[who?] that such intrusions are part of an organized effort by cyber terrorists, foreign intelligence services, or other groups to map potential security holes in critical systems. A cyber terrorist is someone who intimidates or coerces a government or organization to advance his or her political or social objectives by launching computer-based attack against computers, network, and the information stored on them. Cyber terrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources (Parker 1983). As such, a simple propaganda in the Internet, that there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be considered cyber terrorism. At worst, cyber terrorists may use the Internet or computer resources to carry out an actual attack. As well there are also hacking activities directed towards individuals, families, organized by groups within networks, tending to cause fear among people, demonstrate power, collecting information relevant for ruining peoples' lives, robberies, blackmailing etc.

Online Predator
An online predator is an adult Internet user who exploits vulnerable children or teens, usually for ----- or other abusive purposes. Online victimization of minors can include child grooming, requests to engage in ----- activities or discussions by an adult, unwanted exposure to ----- material (email with naked pictures, etc.), and online harassment, threats or other aggressive communications that are not ----- in nature but cause distress, fear or embarrassment. Chat rooms, instant messaging, Internet forums, social networking sites, and even video game consoles have all been accused of attracting online predators. A 2007 study, however, found no cases of minors being targeted by Internet predators based on information they had posted on social networking sites.
Software that attempts to monitor computer activity has seen some popularity with parents concerned about Internet predators. Many experts recommend talking to children and teens about online safety. Many organizations fight against online predators. During 2006 and 2007, the American news-magazine Dateline to "To Catch a predator." What begin as a single episode turned into a long running and explosively popular continuation of the concept that lasted for several months, and prompted a national dialogue on internet safety for preteens and adolescents. With the participation of vigilantes by the name of PervertedJustice.org, would-be pedophiles were lured to numerous residential homes throughout the US under the ruse of having ----- with a young boy or girl.

Documented cases
• The Yahoo! website was attacked at 10:30 PST on Monday, 7 February 2000. The attack, started by Mafia Boy, lasted for three hours. Yahoo was pinged at the rate of one gigabyte/second.
• On 3 August 2000, Canadian federal prosecutors charged Mafia Boy with 54 counts of illegal access to computers, plus 10 counts of mischief to data for his attacks on Amazon.com, eBay, Dell Computer, Outlaw.net, and Yahoo.
• Mafia Boy had also attacked other websites, but prosecutors decided that 66 counts was enough. Mafia Boy pleaded not guilty.
• About fifty computers at Stanford University, and computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were amongst the zombie computers sending pings in DDoS attacks.
• In 26 March 1999, the Melissa worm infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically sent that document and copy of the virus via e-mail to other people.
• Russian Business Network (RBN) was registered as an internet site in 2006. Initially, much of its activity was legitimate. But apparently the founders soon discovered that it was more profitable to host illegitimate activities and started hiring its services to criminals. The RBN has been described by VeriSign as "the baddest of the bad". It offers web hosting services and internet access to all kinds of criminal and objectionable activities, with individual activities earning up to $150 million in one year. It specialized in and in some cases monopolized personal identity theft for resale. It is the originator of MPack and an alleged operator of the Storm botnet.

What type of non-financial rewards could be offered by the WAPDA administrators to reinforce high employee performance?
Non-financial rewards
Types of non-financial reward
Work/life balance
Developing the individual
creating a good work environment
No financial incentives/rewards also include employee benefits such as vacation, health care, etc,

What role does Equity theory play in the new system?
An individual will consider that he is treated fairly if he perceives the ratio of his inputs to his outcomes to be equivalent to those around him. Thus, all else being equal, it would be acceptable for a more senior colleague to receive higher compensation, since the value of his experience (an input) is higher. The way people base their experience with satisfaction for their job is to make comparisons with themselves to the people they work with. If an employee notices that another person is getting more recognition and rewards for their contributions, even when both have done the same amount and quality of work, it would persuade the employee to be dissatisfied. This dissatisfaction would result in the employee feeling underappreciated and perhaps worthless. This is in direct contrast with the idea of equity theory, the idea is to have the rewards (outcomes) be directly related with the quality and quantity of the employees contributions (inputs). If both employees were perhaps rewarded the same, it would help the workforce realize that the organization is fair, observant, and appreciative.

Principles of Management (MGT503)
Assignment No. 1
Last Date of Submission: Friday, 12 February, 2010.
Marks: 10
Solution guidelines
• Solution file should not exceed one page or 550 words.
• Students are requested to work individually and has to write in the form of an
analytical assignment.
• Give the answer according to question, there will be negative marking for irrelevant
material.

Motivating Government employees
During 1980s, finding qualified employees for jobs in government sector was difficult
because base pay was low, but keeping them motivated and committed once hired, proved even
more difficult, same problem was faced by WAPDA.
The problem traced was the antiquated pay-for-performance system, introduced in 1990, the system
allowed 5 percent annual salary increases for the consecutive 8 years within the salary range
assigned to each positions. Each year at appraisal time, managers met informally with their
employees to review each employee’s performance during the year. If employees performed
satisfactorily, they received salary increases of 5 percent. As a result, almost all employees
received yearly 5 percent merit increase and reached the top of their salary range in the
minimum of eight years.
This system discouraged superior performers, because managers could not reward them.
Managers could not approve or disapprove a merit raise. No matter how hard these star
employees worked, they received the same raises as everyone else. Moreover, those who had
less seniority but higher performance than their colleagues might still be paid less until their
eighth year, when they finally reached the top of the pay scale. Few had the patience to wait.
Higher management on realizing that their reward system was not encouraging performance,
the personnel department was directed to devise a system that would encourage initiative,
motivate employees, and reduce turnover. The first step was to develop job descriptions for
all positions in WAPDA, from supervisor to clerical job. Job descriptions would remedy a
defect in the old system: poorly defined criteria for performance appraisals.
The new job description were assigned no more than six key goals per position and included
specified measurements to be used in assessing whether the person holding that position had
accomplished each goal. For instance, one of the goals for supervisor is to train, motivate,
and supervise lower-level employees. The data used to measure this objective include
training records, skill certification, productivity statistics, and employee morale figures
derived from attitude surveys.
Under the old system, managers could only approve or disapprove an employee for a merit
raise. The new system allows manager five ratings, ranging from provisional to outstanding.
But officials knew that just presenting more appraisal options would not solve the problem.
They examined the government merit system, which has five performance levels, and
learned that fewer than 1 percent of government employees were rated in the lower two
categories. Managers tabulate the point totals for each employee and compare the results to
the minimum values established for each level in the rating system. Merit raises are awarded
on the basis of these values.
The second merit system is still too new to be judged, but participants are enthusiastic.
Managers invited employees from throughout the government organizations to participate in
drawing up the job descriptions so that they would understand how the descriptions were
created and what the revamped merit system was expected to accomplish.
Employees now have a clear understanding of performance expectations, and managers have
a more objective method of evaluating employee performance.
1: What type of non-financial rewards could be offered by the WAPDA administrators
to reinforce high employee performance? (5)
2: What role does Equity theory play in the new system? (5)