Dear Friends

Please find the below details of CS101 Assignment

Cyber Crime

Issues surrounding computer crime have become high profile, particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement through wares, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise.
Computer crime encompasses a broad range of potentially illegal activities. Generally, however, it may be divided into one of two types of categories:
(1) Crimes that target computer networks or devices directly
(2) Crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the computer network or device.


Examples of crimes that merely use computer networks or devices would include,

- Cyber stalking
- Fraud and identity theft
- Phishing scams
- Information warfare
A common example is when a person starts to steal information from sites, or cause damage to, a computer or computer network. This can be entirely virtual in that the information only exists in digital form, and the damage, while real, has no physical consequence other than the machine ceases to function. In some legal systems, intangible property cannot be stolen and the damage must be visible, e.g. as resulting from a blow from a hammer. Where human-centric terminology is used for crimes relying on natural language skills and innate gullibility, definitions have to be modified to ensure that fraudulent behavior remains criminal no matter how it is committed.
A computer can be a source of evidence. Even though the computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it is an excellent device for record keeping, particularly given the power to encrypt the data. If this evidence can be obtained and decrypted, it can be of great value to criminal investigators.

Point of discussion
- Spam
- Fraud
- Obscene or offensive content
- Harassment
- Drug trafficking
- Cyber terrorism
- Documented cases
- Typology

Spam
Spam, or the unsolicited sending of bulk email for commercial purposes, is unlawful to varying degrees. As applied to email, specific anti-spam laws are relatively new, however limits on unsolicited electronic communications have existed in some forms for some time.

Fraud
Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss. In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by: altering computer input in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is not an uncommon form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes; altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized transactions: this is difficult to detect; altering or deleting stored data; or altering or misusing existing system tools or software packages, or altering or writing code for fraudulent purposes. This requires real programming skills and is not common. Other forms of fraud may be facilitated using computer systems, including bank fraud, identity theft, extortion, and theft of classified information(Csonka, 2000)
A variety of Internet scams target consumers direct.

Obscene or offensive content
The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful, obscene or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances these communications may be illegal. Many jurisdictions place limits on certain speech and ban racist, blasphemous, politically subversive, libelous or slanderous, seditious, or inflammatory material that tends to incite hate crimes. The extent to which these communications are unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations. The courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with entrenched beliefs in a sensitive area. One area of Internet pornography that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is child pornography.

Harassment
Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way, harassment directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing for example on gender, race, religion, nationality, ----- orientation. This often occurs in chat rooms, through newsgroups, and by sending hate e-mail to interested parties (see cyber bullying, cyber stalking, and harassment by computer, hate crime, online predator, and stalking). Any comment that may be found derogatory or offensive is considered harassment.

Drug trafficking
Drug traffickers are increasingly taking advantage of the Internet to sell their illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other Internet Technology. Some drug traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes, use courier Web sites to track illegal packages of pills, and swap recipes for amphetamines in restricted-access chat rooms.
The rise in Internet drug trades could also be attributed to the lack of face-to-face communication. These virtual exchanges allow more intimidated individuals to more comfortably purchase illegal drugs. The sketchy effects that are often associated with drug trades are severely minimized and the filtering process that comes with physical interaction fades away. Furthermore, traditional drug recipes were carefully kept secrets. But with modern computer technology, this information is now being made available to anyone with computer access.

Cyber terrorism
Government officials and Information Technology security specialists have documented a significant increase in Internet problems and server scans since early 2001. But there is a growing concern among federal officials[who?] that such intrusions are part of an organized effort by cyber terrorists, foreign intelligence services, or other groups to map potential security holes in critical systems. A cyber terrorist is someone who intimidates or coerces a government or organization to advance his or her political or social objectives by launching computer-based attack against computers, network, and the information stored on them. Cyber terrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources (Parker 1983). As such, a simple propaganda in the Internet, that there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be considered cyber terrorism. At worst, cyber terrorists may use the Internet or computer resources to carry out an actual attack. As well there are also hacking activities directed towards individuals, families, organized by groups within networks, tending to cause fear among people, demonstrate power, collecting information relevant for ruining peoples' lives, robberies, blackmailing etc.

Online Predator
An online predator is an adult Internet user who exploits vulnerable children or teens, usually for ----- or other abusive purposes. Online victimization of minors can include child grooming, requests to engage in ----- activities or discussions by an adult, unwanted exposure to ----- material (email with naked pictures, etc.), and online harassment, threats or other aggressive communications that are not ----- in nature but cause distress, fear or embarrassment. Chat rooms, instant messaging, Internet forums, social networking sites, and even video game consoles have all been accused of attracting online predators. A 2007 study, however, found no cases of minors being targeted by Internet predators based on information they had posted on social networking sites.
Software that attempts to monitor computer activity has seen some popularity with parents concerned about Internet predators. Many experts recommend talking to children and teens about online safety. Many organizations fight against online predators. During 2006 and 2007, the American news-magazine Dateline to "To Catch a predator." What begin as a single episode turned into a long running and explosively popular continuation of the concept that lasted for several months, and prompted a national dialogue on internet safety for preteens and adolescents. With the participation of vigilantes by the name of PervertedJustice.org, would-be pedophiles were lured to numerous residential homes throughout the US under the ruse of having ----- with a young boy or girl.

Documented cases
• The Yahoo! website was attacked at 10:30 PST on Monday, 7 February 2000. The attack, started by Mafia Boy, lasted for three hours. Yahoo was pinged at the rate of one gigabyte/second.
• On 3 August 2000, Canadian federal prosecutors charged Mafia Boy with 54 counts of illegal access to computers, plus 10 counts of mischief to data for his attacks on Amazon.com, eBay, Dell Computer, Outlaw.net, and Yahoo.
• Mafia Boy had also attacked other websites, but prosecutors decided that 66 counts was enough. Mafia Boy pleaded not guilty.
• About fifty computers at Stanford University, and computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were amongst the zombie computers sending pings in DDoS attacks.
• In 26 March 1999, the Melissa worm infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically sent that document and copy of the virus via e-mail to other people.
• Russian Business Network (RBN) was registered as an internet site in 2006. Initially, much of its activity was legitimate. But apparently the founders soon discovered that it was more profitable to host illegitimate activities and started hiring its services to criminals. The RBN has been described by VeriSign as "the baddest of the bad". It offers web hosting services and internet access to all kinds of criminal and objectionable activities, with individual activities earning up to $150 million in one year. It specialized in and in some cases monopolized personal identity theft for resale. It is the originator of MPack and an alleged operator of the Storm botnet.

What type of non-financial rewards could be offered by the WAPDA administrators to reinforce high employee performance?
Non-financial rewards
Types of non-financial reward
Work/life balance
Developing the individual
creating a good work environment
No financial incentives/rewards also include employee benefits such as vacation, health care, etc,

What role does Equity theory play in the new system?
An individual will consider that he is treated fairly if he perceives the ratio of his inputs to his outcomes to be equivalent to those around him. Thus, all else being equal, it would be acceptable for a more senior colleague to receive higher compensation, since the value of his experience (an input) is higher. The way people base their experience with satisfaction for their job is to make comparisons with themselves to the people they work with. If an employee notices that another person is getting more recognition and rewards for their contributions, even when both have done the same amount and quality of work, it would persuade the employee to be dissatisfied. This dissatisfaction would result in the employee feeling underappreciated and perhaps worthless. This is in direct contrast with the idea of equity theory, the idea is to have the rewards (outcomes) be directly related with the quality and quantity of the employees contributions (inputs). If both employees were perhaps rewarded the same, it would help the workforce realize that the organization is fair, observant, and appreciative.

Principles of Management (MGT503)
Assignment No. 1
Last Date of Submission: Friday, 12 February, 2010.
Marks: 10
Solution guidelines
• Solution file should not exceed one page or 550 words.
• Students are requested to work individually and has to write in the form of an
analytical assignment.
• Give the answer according to question, there will be negative marking for irrelevant
material.

Motivating Government employees
During 1980s, finding qualified employees for jobs in government sector was difficult
because base pay was low, but keeping them motivated and committed once hired, proved even
more difficult, same problem was faced by WAPDA.
The problem traced was the antiquated pay-for-performance system, introduced in 1990, the system
allowed 5 percent annual salary increases for the consecutive 8 years within the salary range
assigned to each positions. Each year at appraisal time, managers met informally with their
employees to review each employee’s performance during the year. If employees performed
satisfactorily, they received salary increases of 5 percent. As a result, almost all employees
received yearly 5 percent merit increase and reached the top of their salary range in the
minimum of eight years.
This system discouraged superior performers, because managers could not reward them.
Managers could not approve or disapprove a merit raise. No matter how hard these star
employees worked, they received the same raises as everyone else. Moreover, those who had
less seniority but higher performance than their colleagues might still be paid less until their
eighth year, when they finally reached the top of the pay scale. Few had the patience to wait.
Higher management on realizing that their reward system was not encouraging performance,
the personnel department was directed to devise a system that would encourage initiative,
motivate employees, and reduce turnover. The first step was to develop job descriptions for
all positions in WAPDA, from supervisor to clerical job. Job descriptions would remedy a
defect in the old system: poorly defined criteria for performance appraisals.
The new job description were assigned no more than six key goals per position and included
specified measurements to be used in assessing whether the person holding that position had
accomplished each goal. For instance, one of the goals for supervisor is to train, motivate,
and supervise lower-level employees. The data used to measure this objective include
training records, skill certification, productivity statistics, and employee morale figures
derived from attitude surveys.
Under the old system, managers could only approve or disapprove an employee for a merit
raise. The new system allows manager five ratings, ranging from provisional to outstanding.
But officials knew that just presenting more appraisal options would not solve the problem.
They examined the government merit system, which has five performance levels, and
learned that fewer than 1 percent of government employees were rated in the lower two
categories. Managers tabulate the point totals for each employee and compare the results to
the minimum values established for each level in the rating system. Merit raises are awarded
on the basis of these values.
The second merit system is still too new to be judged, but participants are enthusiastic.
Managers invited employees from throughout the government organizations to participate in
drawing up the job descriptions so that they would understand how the descriptions were
created and what the revamped merit system was expected to accomplish.
Employees now have a clear understanding of performance expectations, and managers have
a more objective method of evaluating employee performance.
1: What type of non-financial rewards could be offered by the WAPDA administrators
to reinforce high employee performance? (5)
2: What role does Equity theory play in the new system? (5)

Following are the various message execution styles that are being used in the advertising campaigns:
· Slice of life · Lifestyle · Fantasy · Mood or image · Musical · Technical expertise · Scientific evidence · Testimonial evidence or endorsement
Being the marketing manager of the soap manufacturing concern, which one of the above message execution styles will you select for your advertising campaign? Explain with logical reasons


THESE ARE SOME DIFFERENT VIEWS OF DIFFERENT PEOPLE SLECT ONE WHICH YOU THINK IS BETTER FOR YOU

1.Testimonial evidence

I will like to use Testimonial evidence or endorsement as message execution style. Because Testimonial evidence or endorsement style features a highly believable or likable source endorsing the product.
Definition of Testimonial evidence or endorsement
1. A statement in support of a particular truth, fact, or claim.
2. A written affirmation of another's character or worth; a personal recommendation.
3. Something given in appreciation of a person's service or achievement; a tribute.
So I think on this customers will believe more.

2.musical execution
Being a marketing manager i will like to introduce musical execution style for my advertising compaign.
as music is very common now a day to attract public.

3.mood or image style
i am focusing on mood or image style to execute the massage, because i think it more efficient way to enhance the product.
1. this style espcialy based on beauty as well gove the massege of love.
2. this also explane the sincerity of the company.
3. beautiful manner is used to make and show the people beautiful.
so people try to use it in a perfect manner.


4.lifestyle:
Lifestyle brands are more than just a combination of price, performance and features, they're platforms for self expression. This aims to provide marketers with news, insights and tools for creating and building lifestyle brands. It focuses on the categories we know best: action sports, clothing, mixed martial arts, soccer, video games, and music, but will occasionally venture into other territory.

5.scientific evidence
I would like to use the combination of scientific evidence with lifestyle. Following are my reasons:-
a. First of all I would like to give the reasons for pimples etc on skin and prove it with scientific evidence i.e is due to deficiency of such chemicals/vitamins in the skin and how my beauty soap takes care of this deficiency.
b. Or if it is a detergent then stains removing is easy with such chemical and it is not harmful to skin and my detergent possesses it very much.
c. Secondly I would like to give the lifestyle of a daily consumer and will give some respite in price as well.
d. Thirdly I will show some of the evidences of its usage in different families.

6.Scientific evidence:

Scientific evidence is a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education" may testify and offer opinions in court if "scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the Trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.

Logical Reason:

In this era therefore the time of science and technology people want the logical reason about every thing. If a manager can prove by using the scientific evidence that his company’s product is effective and harmless for the people then customer’s reliability increase on the product and they trying to buy it

Q No. 1
A)

(i)
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
3 Median = (2) + 2 (5)
3 Median = 2 + 10
3 Median = 12
Median = 12 / 3
Median = 4

(ii)
What is aim of collecting numerical data for a statistics study .

The aim of collecting numerical data for a statistical study is to draw conclusions about various phenomena on the basis of real data collected through sample basis.

(iii)

Some of the major functions of the Statistics are assistance in:

• Summarizing the larger amount of data in comprehensive forms
• Effective planning for any field of inquiry as well as surveys
• Drawing conclusions

B)

1. Describe a population:

The Population is the set of 2,440 cans of paint.

2. Describe a variable of interest:

The variable of interest is the weight of cans, which the retailer wants to evaluate.

3. Describe the date type of variable:

The data type of variable is quantitative.

4. Describe a sample:

The set 50 cans, selected by the retailer, is the sample.

Q No. 02:

a)

The enumerators are the trained employees, assigned the task of assisting informants to proceed with the questionnaire correctly.


b)

Average height of the students in a school = 5.2 inches
A sample of 12 students showed following heights:

5.0, 5.3, 5.2, 4.9, 4.11, 5.0, 5.5, 5.4, 5.1, 5.0, 5.2, 4.10,
Average = sum of all numbers / total no. of numbers




Sampling Error =








c)

x f C.f Cum: Relative freq
2 2 2 2/15=0.13
4 1 3 3/15=0.20
6 4 7 7/15=0.46
8 3 10 10/15=0.66
10 5 15 15/15=1



Q. No. 03
a) Can we find out the Median from the following data? If yes, write the reason (No need to calculate the medioan)

Wages of Workers in a factory
Monthly Income (Rs) No. of workers
Less than 2000/- 100
2000 – 2999/- 300
3000 – 3999/- 250
4000 – 4999/- 50
5000 – Above 1200

we can not find the median.

b) Compute Mean, Median and Mode from the following data.

No. of Students F Fx C.F
1 15 15 15
2 10 20 25
3 5 15 30
5 15 75 45
6 5 30 50
50 155







155
=
50
Mean = 3.1


Median:

= [(n/2)+1]th value
= 3

Mod:
= 5

Asslam Allaikum to all,

I m a new student of BS in Business Administration,Can anyone please provide me past papers ( mid term + Final exam ) of the subject :English, pak studies, Accounting 1, Business stats & mathematics, Islamic Studies, Intro. to Computer.

i would be very thankful to u all.

Thank You.

Dear All,

I am a CO-PI in a AI research facility, started in Lahore, but through me which we have moved the work area to the UAE now. I have been working in the AI field for about four years now. I have had a few research papers co-authored with my professors in international journals and conferences. I would like to put up an invitation for all who would be interested in working in the field of AI and neural networks.

My research currently concerns artificial emotions for human machine interactions, bio-informatics using machine learning and theoretical physics in developing computer models. I would be glad if anybody would volunteer to join me. In this way you can implement your studies and learn new things.

I plan to develop a general discussion forum and area specific forum to discuss in depth knowledge of the field.

Look forward to receiving yours responses.

Best regards,

SALAM to0 all students
i m shahnaz from KSA and getting some critical problem in
finnacial accouting .... if any student ovr here is interested
in accounting may help as so0n as possible ..

Hi, I need to know how exams r conducted for Overseas students?
If online then where do they solve the Qs ,is there a possibility to write in the question paper?
Are they given any extra time , as I think it ll take more time to type then to write,especially for ISL n PAK ST?
Plz share your experience.


Exams for overseas students are conducted online. They will send you question papers by email and you have to send your papers also by email within a specfic time which is same as for students in pakistan i.e mid term 90 or 60 minutes and final term 120 or 150 minutes. There is no extra time for overseas students . because the students here in pakistan also type their answers in most papers however some papers are conducted as offline(only for students in pakistan ) but time duration for offline paper is less than online papers.