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virtual university MSCS Sample test criteria and syllabubs courses

Mon, 20 Apr 2015 13:30:55 -0400

Entry Test Sample for MSCS ProgramWeightage Distribution:SectionNo. Section Title WeightI English 25%II Mathematics 25%III Computer Science 50%Section No. I - EnglishSyllabus:1. Analytical Abilitya) Logical Reasoning (5%)b) Analytical Reasoning (5%)2. Verbal Abilitya) Sentence Completion (Grammar) (5%)b) Analogy (5%)c) Antonyms (5%)Sample Test Questions1. “A meadow in springtime is beautiful, even if no one is there to appreciate it.”This statement would be a logical opposite to which of the following claims?A. People will see only what they want to see.B. Beauty exits only in the eyes of the beholder.C. Beauty does not depend on seasons.D. The greatest pleasure available to mankind is the contemplation of beauty.2. A map representing countries R, S, W, X, Y and Z is to be drawn. Adjacent countries cannothave the same color in the map. The countries adjacent to each other are as follows:A. Each of R, S, X and Y is adjacent to W.B. X is adjacent to Y.C. Each of R and S is adjacent to Z.Which of the following is a pair of countries that can be the same color?A. R and S B. S and W C. W and X D. X and Y3. Many surveys _____ out the idea that effective communication is essential for success andpromotion in every field.A. are bearing B. should have borne C. has borne D. have bornePage 2 of 44. IMAGINE : IMAGINATIONA. Therapy : Thermometer C. Oblivion : ObviousB. Bowl : Bowdlerize D. Liturgy : Literature5. Choose the lettered word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the wordDISINTEGRATE.A. Coalesce B. Pulverize C. Annihilate D. Severe C. TrounceSection No. II - MathematicsSyllabus:Each of the following topics contributes 2% to 3% towards the overall 25%. Exponents and Roots Arithmetic Inequalities Fractions and Decimals Percent’s Ratios and Proportions Polynomials Solving Equations and Inequalities Lines and Angles, rectangle, Triangles, square, Quadrilateral and other Polygons, Circles Solving Equations and Inequalities Averages, permutation, Combination, ProbabilitySample Test Questions1. 3 3 27 ( - 2 )  ?A. 24 B. -24 C. 54 D. -62. If 10 100 x  then value of x isA. 10 B. 1 C. 2 D. 33. The simplified form of 1 2 1 (5 2 ) 4      is --------A. 1/5 B. 5 C. 1/80 D. 404. Product of all numbers on a telephone dial is..............A. 0 B. 362880 C. 45 D. 3605. If the number 36 x 56 is divisible by 19, then what will be the value for x?A. 36 B. 56 C. 92 D. 196. Determine the minimum integer value of n for which3n   7 25 .A. 7 B. 6 C. 5 D. 87. If1 1 1x 3 x , then which of the following is true for x ?A. x>=3/4 B. x>=4/3 C. x>=1/4 D. x<=1/48. A mathematics class has 12 boys and 16 girls. What fraction of the class are boys?A. 12/16 B. 16/12 C. 12/28 D. 16/289. A chemical solution contains 2% of acid. If there is 5 ml of acid, the quantity of the solution is:A. 0.1ml B. 250ml C. 10ml D. 1ml10. In a tank holding 30 gallons of solution, 1 gallon is alcohol. What is the percentage ofalcohol in the solution?Page 3 of 4A. 1% B. 30% C. 3% D. 3.33%11. In the calculation of a question student multiply a number by 3/5 instead of 5/3. What is thepercentage error in the calculation?A. 60% B. 64% C. 36% D. 20%12. In a car park, the ratio of red cars to green cars is 5:7 while the ratio of green cars to bluecars is 3:8. The ratio of red cars to blue cars is:A. 40:21 B. 15:21 C. 15:56 D. 215:4013. A pile of 108 identical books weights30Kg . How many books weight 20Kg ?A. 72 B. 36 C. 80 D. 6014. If 6y=4, then (6y+3)2=………A. 7 B. 49 C. 81 D. 3615. If 2 (x y  )  2 and 2 2 x  y  2 , then xy =........A. 2 B. 1 C. 0 D. -116. If the length and breadth of a rectangle are 4 and 3 respectively. Then the length of diagonalis _____A. 7 B. 12 C. 5 D. 617. An angle of measure less than 90 degrees is called a/an -----A. Acute B. Obtuse C. Right angle D. None of these18. The sum of three consecutive numbers is 72. What is the smallest of these numbers?A. 22 B. 20 C. 21 D. 2319. If 3 4 7a b c   , then the value ofa b cc  is ---------A. 4 B. 2 C. 3 D. 720. The average savings of 2 girls and 2 boys is $250. Each girl saves $50 more than each boy.Find the savings of one boy.A. 37.5 B. 12.5 C. 8.5 D. 1.5Section No. III – Computer ScienceSyllabus Introduction to Programming (5%) Object Oriented Programming (5%) Data Structures (5%) Fundamentals of Algorithms (5%) Operating Systems (5%) Digital Logical Design (5%) Database Management Systems (5%) Software Engineering (5%) Data Communication (5%) Theory of Automata (5%)Sample Test Questions1. Which of the following functions of a class cannot be overloaded?A. Member function B. Utility function C. Constructor D. Destructor2. If the code is not properly indented, it will be:A. Logical error B. Syntax error C. Run-time error D. Not an error at allPage 4 of 43. Which of the following features of object oriented programming is used to derive a class fromanother class?A. Encapsulation B. Polymorphism C. Inheritance D. Aggregation4. Which data member of a class can be accessed without creating the object of that class?A. Private member B. Public member C. Global member D. Static member5. What will be the equivalent postfix expression for the infix expression "6 + 8/2" ?A. 6 8 / + 2 B. 6 8 2 / + C. 6 8 / 2 + D. / 8 2 + 66. If both pointers of a particular node in a binary tree are NULL, that node will be:A. Inner node B. Leaf node C. Root node D. Both pointers of a node cannot be NULL7. While considering the efficiency of an algorithm, two main measures are:A. Complexity and capacity C. Processor and memory C. Time and space D. Data and space8. The complexity of Binary search algorithm is:A. O(n) B. O(n2) C. O(log n) D. O(n log n)9. The process of switching from one process to another is called:A. Scheduling B. Context switching C. Quantum period D. Latency10. The problem of indefinite blockage of low-priority processes can be solved with the help of:A. Starvation B. Deadlock C. Aging D. Semaphore11. In a 3-variable Karnaugh Map (K-Map), total cells for min or max terms are:A. 4 B. 8 C. 12 D. 1612. Demultiplexer has:A. Multiple inputs and multiple outputs B. Multiple inputs and single outputC. Single input and single output D. Single input and multiple outputs13. What type of relationship exists between a Teacher table and Class table?A. One to one B. One to many C. Two to two D. Many to many14. Transitive dependencies are specifically not allowed in which normal form?A. First B. Second C. Third D. All of the given15. Up to 60% of all the defects found in software projects can be traced back to poor:A. Requirements B. Design C. Coding D. Testing16. Performance and usability are considered as:A. Business requirements C. Functional requirementsB. Non-functional requirements D. User requirements17. Which layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next?A. Physical B. Data link C. Transport D. Presentation18. Through which layer, mail services are available to network users?A. Physical B. Data link C. Transport D. Application19. In context free grammar, the symbols which cannot be replaced by anything are called:A. Terminal B. Non-Terminal C. Production D. Context20. The reverse of the string “abcabb” defined over alphabet { ab, b, c } is:A. bbacba B. babcba C. babcab D. bbacab

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CS101 Introduction to Computing Glossary 23rd November 2012

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it430 notes with mcq's quiz and subjective paper fall 2010 on 18-02-2011

Sat, 19 Feb 2011 10:25:10 -0500

IT430 SOLVED SUBJCTV FINAL Term 2011

Solved by FARIHA MAQBOOL

Paper #1
31: What is the key difference between B2C and B2B.
Business-to-Business (B2B): electronic market transactions that take place between organizations
Business-to-Consumer (B2C): retailing transactions with individual shoppers – typical shopper at
Amazon.com is a consumer
32: According to Section 25, Explain CPS? 5
Under Section 25, each certification service provider shall prepare a Certification Practice Statement (CPS) as prescribed by the regulations of the Certification Council. CPS would be a policy document of the certification service provider, which would be filed along with the application for grant of accreditation certificate. A copy of the certification practice statement shall be maintained at the office of the Certification Council and shall be open to public inspection. Subject to any regulations made by the Council, a CPS would normally include information for persons adversely affected by a wrong/false certificate, the extent of liability, policy about suspension or revocation of certificates etc. page#171
33.What is meant by “1973 is the supreme law of the country”?
1973 is the supreme law of the country, which means that every other law in Pakistan has to confirm to the terms of the constitution page#165
34. advandtages of e-business
Advantages of E-business
Some of the major advantages of an e-business as compared to a traditional business are as under:
1. Personalized service
2. High-quality customer service
3. No inventory cost
4. Worldwide reach of the business
5. Electronic catalogues (convenient and quick transaction)
6. Bulk transactions
7. Improved supply chain management page#125
35. section 3
Section 3 of the ETO provides:
“No document, record, information, communication or transaction shall be denied legal recognition,0
Admissibility, effect, validity, proof or enforceability on the ground that it is in electronic form and has not been attested by any witness”. Page#164
36. What do u know about product and supplies activities and also define strength and weakness analysis 5marks
While judging the strengths of a business, questions can be asked such as what does a business do well?.Does it have a sense of purpose and culture to support that purpose? While judging weaknesses of a business questions can be asked as to what does a company do poorly?. Has it any serious financial liabilities?. Has it got the required skilled manpower?
37circuit level firewall 5marks

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cs402 subjective and objective mega file fall 2010 on 19-02-2011

Sat, 19 Feb 2011 09:45:20 -0500

It's the mega file which include all most all the mcq's, quiz and short question with subjective long questions and their answer's So please find the attachment for this.
Q No 1.Give a example of converting a CFG to CNF?
Consider the CFG given below
S→ ABC
A→ aa | b
B→ c
C→d
Its CNF will be
S→ DC
D → AB
A→ EE | b
E→a
B→c
C→d
Q No 2.In the lecture 41 's example, we have converted PDA to conversion form and a
word 'aaaabb' is derived from this conversion form PDA. What are the derivation
steps.
The PDA converted to conversion form has some specific features that are important to
understand first. These features are
The states named START, READ, HERE and ACCEPT are called joints of the machine.
With the help of the conversion form we have been able to achieve that POP state has only
one path out of it and the path taking (multiple paths) decisions take place only on the READ
state.
The word 'aaaabb' is generated as follows from the PDA
START-POP4-PUSH $
This step pops $ and then pushes it to ensure that stack contains $ at the beginning.
READ1-POP6-PUSH $-PUSH a
As first time after reading "a" there is $ at the top of stack so we will follow path segment
READ1-POP6-PUSH $-PUSH a
READ1-POP5-PUSH a-PUSH a
Now a is on the top of the stack so we will follow READ1-POP5-PUSH a-PUSH a
READ1-POP5-PUSH a-PUSH a
Again following same segment for a
READ1-POP5-PUSH a-PUSH a
Again following same segment for a
READ1-POP1- HERE-POP2
As we read b on input tape.
READ2-POP1-HERE-POP2
As we read b on input tape.
READ2-POP3-ACCEPT.
As we read Δ from the input tape
Q No 3.How to differentiate between "wanted" and "unwanted branch" ?
When we derive a word in Top down parsing beginning with the starting Non Terminal the
branches of the tree that do not lead to our required word are left aside these branches are
called unwanted branches.
For example for CFG
S----->AA
A----->a | b
If we want to generate the word "aa" we will leave the branch generated by the production A-
----->b.
Q No 4.What is the difference between intersection and union of a language?
Intersection of two languages will consist of all those words which are in both languages
while union of two languages will consist of all those words which are present in at least one
language.
Symbol for intersection is ∩ and for union is U.
Q No 5.What is the difference between Context free languages and regular
languages?
Regular languages can be represented by FA‟s because we do not need any memory to
recognize (accept or reject them on FA) them but there is another class of languages that can
not be represented by FA‟s because these languages require that we have some memory (with
the help of memory we can store letters of the string we are checking so that we can compare
them with next coming letters in the string).
For example language anbn requires that we must store a‟s and then compare their count with
next coming b‟s so that we can check whether a‟s are equal to b‟s or not.
Due to this reason we use Context Free Grammars to represent them because we can5t write
RE‟s for them.
So Context Free Languages represent a broader category this category also include regular
languages as subcategory. It means that context free languages include regular languages as
well as some other languages.
Q No 6.What is the difference between Moore and Mealey machines?
In Mealy Machine we read input string letters and generate output while moving along
the paths from one state to another while in Moore machine we generate output on
reaching the state so the output pattern of Moore machine contains one extra letter
because we generated output for state q0 where we read nothing.
Q No 7.What does the following terms mean
i. STACK Consistent
ii. Y-able Paths
iii. Working string
iv. Semi Word means
Stack consistence means that in the PDA converted in the conversion form, when we
follow a path segment (which is formed by combining start, read or here state with
next read, here or accept state on the path) along the PDA its pop state should have
the path for the same letter that is present on the top of the stack at that stage. If this
doesn‟t happen our PDA will crash because in conversion form of the PDA the pop
state has only one letter path, so if we could not be able to find that letter on the top of
the stack our PDA will crash (if will not find path where to go from that state)
Working string means the string present on the input tape.
Y-able Paths means that when we follow a certain sequence of rows from the row
table to generate a path for a word form start state to accept state. The path (sequence
of rows) should be stack as well as joint consistent it means that rows should end at
the same read or here state (join consistency ) and the rows should be able to pop the
letter from the top that is indicated in the pop state of the row.
Semi word is the string of terminals it may be null string ending with a Non terminals
on the right.
For example some semi words are
aaS
aabbA
B
Question: Is Automata Theory is a Programming Subject or theoretical?
Answer:
Automata theory is the study of abstract computing devices, or "machines". This
topic goes back to the days before digital computers and describes what is
possible to compute using an abstract machine.
These ideas directly apply to creating compilers, programming languages, and
designing applications. They also provide a formal framework to analyze new
types of computing devices, e.g. biocomputers or quantum computers
Question: What are practical Examples of the implications of Automata Theory
and the formal Languages?
Answer:
Grammars and languages are closely related to automata theory and
are the basis of many important software components like:
– Compilers and interpreters
– Text editors and processors
– Text searching
– System verification
Question: What are the Types of Automata?
Answer: The Types of Automata Theory are
1. Finite Automata
2. Regular Languages
3. Linear-bounded Automata
4. Context Sensitive Languages
5. Push-Down Automata
6. Context Free Languages
7. Turing Machines
8. Recursively innumerable languages
There are others as well like,
Random Access Machines
Parallel Random Access Machines
Arrays of Automata
Question: How types of Automata Differ?
Answer: They differ in the following areas
1. Complexity (or Simplicity)
2. Power
3. In the function that can be computed.
4. In the languages that can be accepted.
Question: What is the difference between the alphabet and an element of a set?
Answer:
Alphabets is a set of letters nothing else but a set of strings (elements) can have
more than one letters in one string.
Question: Difference between Palindrome and Reverse function?
Answer: The language consisting of Λ and the strings s defined over Σ such that Rev(s)=s.
It is to be denoted that the words of PALINDROME are called palindromes.
Reverse (w) = w
Example: Σ={a,b},
PALINDROME={Λ , a, b, aa, bb, aaa, aba, bab, bbb, ...}
If a is a word in some language L, then reverse (a) is the same string of letters spelled backwards,
called the reverse of a.
e.g
reverse (xxx) = xxx
reverse (623) = 326
reverse (140) = 041
Question: Define Strings?
Answer: Concatenation of finite letters from the alphabet is called a string.
e.g If Σ= {a,b} then a language L can be defined as
L = {a, abab, aaabb, ababababababababab,...............}
it's mean all words with a's more or equal to b's
Question: Define empty or null strings?
Answer: Concatenation of finite letters from the alphabet is called a string.
Sometimes a string with no symbol at all is used, denoted by (Small Greek letter Lambda) λ
or (Capital Greek letter Lambda) Λ, is called an empty string or null string.
Question: Difference between string and word?
Answer: Any combination of letters of alphabet that follows rules of language is called a word.
A string is a finite sequence of symbols from an alphabet.
Question: There are as many palindromes of length 2n as there are of length 2n-1, please explain?
Answer: If we try to create palindromes then middle elements (2 in even palindromes & 1 in odd
palindrome) does not cause any change in no. of palindromes
Defining the language PALINDROME, of length 2n and 2n-1 defined over S = {a,b}
e.g if we take n= 2 for 2n
Length (2n) = 4 and string can be written as
{aaaa, abba, baab, bbbb}
And if we take n = 2 for 2n-1
Length (2n-1) = 3 and string can be written as
{aaa, aba, bab, bbb}
Question: Define Kleene Star?
Answer: Given Σ, then the Kleene Star Closure of the alphabet Σ, denoted by Σ*, is the collection of
all strings defined over Σ, including Λ.
It is to be noted that Kleene Star Closure can be defined over any set of strings.
Examples
If Σ = {x}
Then Σ* = {Λ, x, xx, xxx, xxxx, ….}
If Σ = {0,1}
Then Σ* = {Λ, 0, 1, 00, 01, 10, 11, ….}
If Σ = {aaB, c}
Then Σ* = {Λ, aaB, c, aaBaaB, aaBc, caaB, cc, ….}
Note:
Languages generated by Kleene Star Closure of set of strings, are infinite languages. (By
infinite language, it is supposed that the language contains infinite many words, each of finite
length).
Question: Why do not we can write" ba" in the set of PALINDROME while it is reverse of
"ab".
Answer: The language consisting of Λ and the strings s defined over Σ such that Rev(s)=s.
It is to be denoted that the words of PALINDROME are called palindromes.
Example
For Σ={a,b},
PALINDROME={Λ , a, b, aa, bb, aaa, aba, bab, bbb, ...}
All two length string cannot satisfied the palindrome. aa and bb in palindrome but
ba and ab are not in palindrome.
Question: What are the steps of Recursive Definition of Languages?
Answer: A recursive definition is characteristically a three-step process.
First, we specify some basic objects in the set.
Second, we give rules for constructing more objects in the set from ones we already know.
Third, we declare that no objects except those constructed in this way are allowed in the set.
Question: Strings that ending in "a " and strings containing exactly one "a".
Answer: Its means all string ending in a
e.g Σ= {a, b}
{a, aa, ba, aba, baa,…….}
Exactly a, defined over Σ= {a, b}
{ab, ba, abb, bba,……... }
Question: What is Lexical Analyzer?
Answer: The first phase of the compiler is the lexical analyzer, also known as the scanner, which
recognizes the basic language units, called tokens.
• The exact characters in a token is called its lexeme.
• Tokens are classified by token types, e.g. identifiers, constant literals, strings,
operators, punctuation marks, and key words.
• Different types of tokens may have their own semantic attributes (or values) which
must be extracted and stored in the symbol table.
• The lexical analyzer may perform semantic actions to extract such values and insert
them in the symbol table.
Question: What is accepting string language?
Answer: The strings which follow rules for the language are accepted in language.
• Let u and v be strings. Then uv denotes the string obtained by concatenating u with
v, that is, uv is the string obtained by appending the sequence of symbols of v to that
of u. For example if u = aab and v = bbab,
then uv = aabbbab. Note that vu = bbabaab uv. We are going to use first few
symbols of English alphabet such as a and b to denote symbols of an alphabet and
those toward the end such as u and v for strings.
Question: What is transition table?
Answer: A complete transition table contains one column for each character. To save space,
table compression may be used. Only non-error entries are explicitly represented in
the table, using hashing, indirection or linked structures.
Tabular representation of a function that takes two arguments and returns a value
0 1

CS402 FULL Material 2011.pdf (Size: 1.69 MB / Downloads: 4362)

MKT501 Short Long Questions latest fall 2010

Sun, 05 Dec 2010 04:28:39 -0500

Download in the form of PDF.
Collected and solved by Qazi Umer /~*1 Nation*~\
NOTE: No responsibility in case of any mistake
Question No: 29 ( Marks: 3 )
Describe the characteristics of early majority customers.
Early Majority. They are very careful people and take time to adopt things. They tend to
collect information about the change or the product, study carefully and then adopt on the
basis of their merits.
Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )
Psychological pricing is gaining importance day by day with the changing views of
customers. In your own sense what are the different hypothesis that lead to the
building the process of psychological pricing?
Psychological pricing or price ending is a marketing practice based on the theory that
certain prices have a psychological impact. The retail prices are often expressed as "odd
prices": a little less than a round number, e.g. $19.99 or $2.98. The theory is this drives
demand greater than would be expected if consumers were perfectly rational.
Psychological pricing is one cause of price points. It is a method to show price in less
value figures to customers like if price is 100 then you will not enter into 3 digit price you
just make it round about like 99.90.
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 )
List any five characteristics of a good brand name.
A good brand name should:
• Be legally protectable
• Be easy to Pronounce
• Be easy to Remember
• Be easy to Recognize
• Attract Attention
• Suggest product Benefits (e.g.: Easy-Off) or suggest usage
• Suggest the company or product Image
• Distinguish the product's Positioning relative to the competition.
Question No: 29 ( Marks: 3 )
While developing a new product companies can use many sources to generate ideas
for new product. Explain how competitors can be a good external idea source?
Competitors can be an external source of idea generation. For example competitors can
be kept from seeing new product ideas generated by customers. You can get information
and ideas about the customer response to the competitor’s product and you can know
what customer is demanding in this way you can get the idea of new product. Observe
competitors ads and other communications to get clues about their new products.
Competitors sales must be considered while decided whether to develop the product or
not.
Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )
Retailing is the dead end of product distribution. Explain it?
Retailers are at the end of distribution chain as they sell to end users in this way they end
the distribution of a product. They directly interact with the end users of the product and
end the distribution process.
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 5 )
Describe product type of all the followings & give logical reasons to support your
answer.
· Furniture
· Cars
· Soap
· Mango
· Rice
Furniture = Durable Goods: goods that survive multiple use occasions, often further
subdivided into `white goods'
• (refrigerators and cookers, for example) and `brown goods' (such as furniture, as well as
electrical/electronic devices)
Cars = specialty,
Consumer goods with unique characteristics and brand identification. Customers make
special efforts to buy such products.
Soap = convenience
Low price and mass promotion, widespread distribution in convenient locations.
Mango = perishable. . m not sure about this one
Rice = Commodities: undifferentiated goods (e.g., wheat, gold, sugar)
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 )
What types of discounts are given by the company to the distributors and retailers
as trade promotion discounts?
Trade discounts (also called functional discounts) –
These are payments to distribution channel members for performing some function .
Examples of these
functions are warehousing and shelf stocking. Trade discounts are often combined to
include a series of
functions, for example 20/12/5 could indicate a 20% discount for warehousing the product,
an additional
12% discount for shipping the product, and an additional 5% discount for keeping the
shelves stocked.
Trade discounts are most frequent in industries where retailers hold the majority of the
power in the
distribution channel (referred to as channel captains).
Question No: 29 ( Marks: 3 )
Why price war is not beneficial for small companies?
Price was is state of intense competition over the price of product
One competitor reduce the price other will lower its price to match and then a cycle of
price reduction starts. Which can leads of selling of product below the cost.
Normally smaller companies cannot compete and shut down.
Typically the smaller more marginal firms will be unable to compete and will shut down.
The remaining firms absorb the market share of the terminated ones. The main losers
then, are the marginal firms and the People that invested in them.
Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )
Explain how Marketers can prolong the lives of many products in the maturity or
decline stages of the PLC? Also how can they move those products back to their
growth stage?
In the decline stage of the marketing product development cycle, owners reduce or stop
marketing efforts and expenses. The plan is to lower the marketing efforts while your
competitors discontinue theirs.
If you keep selling the product while your competitor stops selling, then you can get the
market share which your competitor left.
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 5 )
Describe quantity discounts and its types.
Quantity discounts - These are price reductions given for large purchases. The rationale
behind them is to obtain economies of scale and pass some (or all) of these savings on to the
customer. In some industries, buyer groups and co-ops have formed to take advantage of
these discounts. Generally there are two types:
•Cumulative quantity discounts (also called accumulation discounts). These are price
reductions based on the quantity purchased over a set period of time. The expectation is that
they will impose an implied switching cost and thereby bond the purchaser to the seller.
•Non-cumulative quantity discounts. These are price reductions based on the quantity of
a single order. The expectation is that they will encourage larger orders, thus reducing billing,
order filling, shipping, and sales personal expenses.
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 )
The first step in the product development process is generation of ideas. Discuss
what are the internal and external sources of ideas? Why external sources are
considered to be the more important than internal source?
Every new product development starts with idea generation. Idea generation is process to
produce large number of idea are produce. It should be ongoing process.
During idea one should not criticize the ideas of others.
Following are few ways for idea generation
Brainstorming session: In this whole team participate and everyone can give any idea
there will b no criticism on any idea.
Idea can be obtained by basic research and SWOT analysis
Idea can be obtained from customers, Retailer’s & Focus groups
Question No: 41 (Marks: 10)
What is conjoint analysis? Why it is often used by marketers while introducing new
product?
Conjoint Analysis and Reason of Why Marketers Use This While Introducing New
Product:
It is a statistical technique hat is originated in mathematical psychology. It is used in
many of the social sciences and applied sciences like marketing, operations research and
product management.
The main objective of conjoint analysis in marketing is to determine what combination of
a limited number of attributes is mostly preferred by the public.
It is often used in testing customer acceptance of a new product designs and assessing the
appeal of advertisements used in product positioning. There are few steps for conducting
conjoint analysis.
The basic steps are:
1. Select feature to be tested.
2. Show these features combination to the potential customers.
3. Input data from a representative sample of potential customers into the statistical
software and select the conjoint analysis procedure; the software will produce the
utility functions for each feature.
4. Incorporate the most preferred features into a new product and advertisement.
It is very useful market analysis as we can determine the customer needs and their
interest their liking and disliking and will lead to success of the product to be launched.
That is why it is mostly used by the marketers while introducing a new product.
Question No: 29 ( Marks: 3 )
Explain the psychology behind a price of Rs9.99 instead of Rs10.00.
The psychology in figures is that how customer perceives these figures if you set price as
10.00 as it is in double digits so customer will think that price is high and if you show
price in odd figures such as 9.99 the customer will perceive it as 9.
Question No: 30 ( Marks: 3 )
Mandatory labeling is still a debatable issue yet in the labeling of product. What
should you say to in favor of mandatory labeling?
Mandatory labeling is the requirement of consumer products to state their ingredients or
components.
Moral purchasing and avoidance of health problems like allergies are two things which are
enabled by labeling. It is mandated in most developed nations, and increasingly in
developing nations, especially for
food products.
Mandatory labeling must be compulsory for eatables and medicines and new invented
products so that user can know the side effects of the usage of the product and also some
instructions that how to use the product.
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 5 )
List any five characteristics of a good brand name.
A good brand name should:
• Be legally protectable
• Be easy to Pronounce
• Be easy to Remember
• Be easy to Recognize
• Attract Attention
• Suggest product Benefits (e.g.: Easy-Off) or suggest usage
• Suggest the company or product Image
• Distinguish the product's Positioning relative to the competition.
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 5 )
Suppose a new detergent has been introduced in the market. List down the stages
after which it will enter in the customer’s buying preference list?
Idea generation
Idea testing or market test
Technical implementation
Price
Place
Promotions
Question No: 41
( Marks: 5 )
Suppose Nokia is a market leader in Pakistan and Sony Ericsson is a market
Challenger. What principles Sony Ericsson should follow to target Nokia to gain
market share?
Market Challenger
A market challenger is a firm in a strong, but not dominant position that is following an
aggressive strategy of trying to gain market share. It typically targets the industry leader (for
example, Pepsi targets Coke), but it could also target smaller, more vulnerable competitors.
The fundamental principles involved are:
• Assess the strength of the target competitor. Consider the amount of support that the
target might muster from allies.
• Choose only one target at a time.
• Find a weakness in the target?? Position. Attack at this point. Consider how long it will take
for the target to realign their resources so as to reinforce this weak spot.
• Launch the attack on as narrow a front as possible. Whereas a defender must defend all
their borders, an attacker has the advantage of being able to concentrate their forces at one
place.
• Launch the attack quickly, and then consolidate.
Some of the options open to a market challenger are:
• price discounts or price cutting
• line extensions
• introduce new products
• reduce product quality
• increase product quality
• improve service
• change distribution
• cost reductions
• intensify promotional activity
Question No: 42 ( Marks: 5 )
Why is price considered to be one of the most flexible elements of the marketing
mix? Explain what are the factors influencing the price of a product?
Price is considered as most flexible element of the marketing mix because it can be
increased or decreased even fixed for a particular product and increase or decrease in
price have great impact on the demand of the product and demand have effect on the
production.
Factors that influence the price of a product are:
Promotion
Place
Product itself
Demand of the product
Competitors
Time period (in case of seasonal product)
Price is considered the most flexible thing in marketing mix because it helps to achieve
strategic as well as business goals and objectives like
1- Profitability (to achieve business/financial objectives)
2- To adjust price according to customer purchasing power(are customers able to
purchase at this price)
3- For market positioning VU Askari
Factors that can influence the price of any product:
Following factors influence the price decisions
1- Marketing strategic objectives
2- Current Market/economic situation
3- Customer’s purchasing power
4- Cost of the product
5- The decision of what pricing strategy you want to adopt e.g. cost plus profit,
premium price etc.
6- The objectives of the product or brand
7- Available resources
8- Distribution channels and their relative cost
( Marks: 5 )
"The key to customer retention is customer satisfaction". Why it is important
for the marketers to retain the customer?
It is important to retain customers to capture more market share and increase sales,
customers create value for the firm so firms have to retain existing customers by
satisfying them. Customer life value must be considered. Customers are the key for the
success of organization regular customers create more worth for the organization. So
that’s why it is important to retain the customers.
Question No: 42 ( Marks: 5 )
The first step in the product development process is generation of ideas.
Discuss what the internal and external sources of ideas are. Why external
sources are considered to the more important than internal source?
Internal sources:
New products ideas can come from several sources. They may come from internal
sources marketing managers, researchers, sales personnel, engineers, or other
organizational personnel. Brainstorming and incentives or rewards for good ideas are
typical intrafirm device for stimulation the development of products ideas.
External sources:
Direct observation of competitors' products, customers' evaluations of their product
features, and the grapevine of suppliers and other who serve competitors often
contributes ideas.
External sources are more important as compare to internal sources as internal sources
are only based on employees and external sources are based on information from market
situation , external idea sources are highly valued in new product development literature.
Q = Packaging can increase the sales of products but it can act vice versa as well.
Explain it with examples.
Packaging is very important element in marketing mix. The objectives and goals of
packaging are many.
Mostly good packaging enhance product sale. But if packaging is not done with planning
or care then it can sabotage all the effort. Because mostly packaging is done for the safety
of the product and its transportation purposes. Suppose if the box or carton in which a
perishable product is enclosed it leaks then what will be the impression of that product on
customers. It will defame the product and company/brand.
The objectives that are gotten by packaging and labeling are
1- Safety
2- Agglomeration
3- Information
4- Advertising through labeling
5- Marketing by attractive packaging
Q = Discuss any five features of market oriented firms
Creating a spirit of open-mind inquiry;
Carefully analyzing rivals’ actions;
Listening to staff on the front lines;
Seeking out latent needs;
Active scanning of the periphery of the market;
Encouraging continuous experimentation”
Demonstrate leadership commitment;
Understand the need for change;
Mobilize commitment at all levels;
Shape the vision;
Align structures, systems and incentives; and
Sustain the change
The market driven organisation has increased capability for creating and maintaining
relationships with customers: the market relating capability. Such a relationship
orientation pervades all parts of the organisation’s mind set, values and norms.
Q = Define horizontal integration and explain the possible advantages of
horizontal integration?
Horizontal Integration
In microeconomics and strategic management, horizontal integration is a theory of
ownership and
control. It is a strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell one type of
product in numerous
markets. To get this market coverage, several small subsidiary companies are created.
Each markets the
product to a different market segment or to a different geographical area. This is
sometimes referred to as
the horizontal integration of marketing. The horizontal integration of production is where
a firm has plants
in several locations producing similar products. Horizontal integration in marketing is
much more common
than horizontal integration in production
Q = Companies try increase their liquidity. Why companies use cash discounts?
What are different options available to offer cash discount?
1) Cash discounts for prompt payment - These are intended to speed payment and
thereby provide
liquidity to the firm. They are sometimes used as a promotional device.
•2/10 net 30 - this means the buyer must pay within 30 days, but will receive a 2%
discount if they pay
within 10 days.
•3/7 EOM - this means the buyer must pay by the end of the month, but will receive a 3%
discount if they
pay within 7 days.
Marketing Management-(MKT-501) VU
© Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 44
•2/15 net 40 ROG - this means the buyer must pay within 40 days of receipt of goods, but
will receive a 2%
discount if paid in 15 days.

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MGT602 Solved pastpaper question fall 2010 december midterm

Fri, 03 Dec 2010 04:41:40 -0500

Q. Briefly discuss licensing and its benefits.
Licensing involves a manufacturer giving a foreign
manufacturer the right to use a patent, trademark, or technology in
return for a royalty. This arrangement is most appropriate when the
entrepreneur has no prospect of entering
Rest find the attachment

MGT602_Solved_pastpaper_question.pdf (Size: 123.87 KB / Downloads: 553)

cs601 data communication Faqs and Glossary

Fri, 03 Dec 2010 00:04:41 -0500

cs601 data communication Faqs and Glossary
Download the faq's and glossary for data communication. These are very important. So download them.

FAQs CS601 - Data Communication_NoRestriction1.pdf (Size: 222.93 KB / Downloads: 902)

Glossary CS601 - Data Communication_NoRestriction1.pdf (Size: 526.25 KB / Downloads: 896)

FIN621 MIDTERM SHORT NOTES for midterm

Wed, 01 Dec 2010 15:26:55 -0500

FIN621 MIDTERM SHORT NOTES for midterm Download them in the form of .doc format and not in pdf format.

FIN621 MIDTERM SHORT NOTES BY MAHA SHAH.doc (Size: 71.5 KB / Downloads: 802)

FIN622 MIDTERM Short Notes by MAHA SHAH.doc (Size: 84 KB / Downloads: 928)

cs101 short notes for midterm fall 2010

Tue, 30 Nov 2010 15:21:52 -0500

Short notes are always helping in midterm and finaterm. Here is solved short notes for cs101 intro to computing which can be downloaded. please find the attachment in .Doc not in PDF.

short questions-cs101.doc (Size: 45 KB / Downloads: 1041)

Vu short notes for MGT502 Organizational behavior

Fri, 26 Nov 2010 14:44:52 -0500

MGT 502 -- (ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR)
Short Notes
Chapter 1 to 15

Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations.

Contributing disciplines to the OB field:
Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built upon contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines.

Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals. it may be the mental and behavour characteristic of an individual or group
Sociology is study the social system in which individuals fill their roles; that is, sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings.
Social psychology is the area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one another. it deal with the fulfilment of social needs in a phycological sense of interpretations.it cause different socio phycho conditions and affaire for the modificationof OB.
Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. we also define anthrapology as "science of human beings especialy of their environment and social relations and there culture" environment play a pivotal role in the iimprovment and modification of OB
Political science is the study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment.

[SIZE="6"]Short notes can be downloaded from the attachment[/SIZE]

OB.doc (Size: 718 KB / Downloads: 2073)